This assignment is for ETC5521 Assignment 1 by Team EMU comprising of Min Min Soh and Rohan Baghel.

1 Introduction and motivation

Global fishing receives a great deal of attention in the media for the past decades. The rise of world population has increased the demand for seafood across the world. Coastal countries mainly rely on fishing as one of the most important food sources. Our first research question would learn about seafood consumption of countries over time. We’ll also study about how much seafood are being produced by each country overtime.

Meanwhile, the health of fish population in the world remains as a concern with the rise of global fishing. It then prompts us to assess how much of fish stocks are caught within the sustainable levels over the years without over exploiting the fish populations.

Fish farming (or ‘aquaculture’)helps to contribute to the seafood production while alleviating the pressure of wild fisheries. This inspires us to further analyse the trend of aquaculture as compared to wild fish catch over time.

We begin by describing the data in the next section, how we source it and how we prepare the data for analysis. In the analysis section, we present our observations through graphical displays. Our main tool is R, a programming language for statistical computing and graphics.

2 Data description

The data set has been obtained from tidytuesday r package or through the website https://ourworldindata.org. The data comprises of four files in the “.csv” format which is machine readable and can be used to analyze the state of fish production and consumption in the world. The data dictionary for the data set has been given below. They define the variables and their types in each of the data sets.

2.1 capture-fisheries-vs-aquaculture.csv

variable class description
Entity character Country/entity
Code character Country code (see countrycode R package)
Year double Year
Aquaculture production (metric tons) double Production of aquaculture animals
Capture fisheries production (metric tons) double Captured aquaculture

2.2 fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita.csv

variable class description
Entity character Country/entity
Code character Country code (see countrycode R package)
Year double Year
Fish, Seafood- Food supply quantity (kg/capita/yr) (FAO, 2020) double Food supply in fish in kg/capita/year

2.3 fish-stocks-within-sustainable-levels.csv

variable class description
Entity character Country/entity
Code character Country code (see countrycode R package)
Year double Year
Share of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels (FAO, 2020) double Share of sustainable fish stock
Share of fish stocks that are overexploited double Share of fish stock that are overexploited

2.4 seafood-and-fish-production-thousand-tonnes.csv

variable class description
Entity character Country/entity
Code character Country code (see countrycode R package)
Year double .
Pelagic Fish - 2763 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Pelagic Fish
Crustaceans - 2765 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Crustaceans
Cephalopods - 2766 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Cephalopods
Demersal Fish - 2762 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Demersal
Freshwater Fish - 2761 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Freshwater
Molluscs, Other - 2767 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Molluscs
Marine Fish, Other - 2764 - Production - 5510 - tonnes double Marine

3 Questions of interest

Q1 What is the contribution of each production sector in global fishery from 1950 ?

Q2 What is the contribution of each country in the global fishery sector ?

Q3 What is the share of type of fishes produced in each country ?

Q4 What is the production level of each country by capturing over time ?

Q5 What is the production level of each country by farming over time ?

Q6 What has been the trend of seafood consumption of each country over the years ?

Q7 What has been the trend of captured vs farmed production of each country over the years ?

Q8 What has been the trend of sustainable levels of fish stocks in the world ?

Q9 What is the share of fishes of the that have been overexploited in the world over the years ?

Q10 How much of the fish stocks are maintained at sustainable levels in the world as compared to overall production level?

Q11 What is the production level of fish by each continent ?

Q12 What is the consumption level of fish by each continent ?

Q13 What can we learn about the uses of fish catch by countries?

Q14 What can we learn about the uses of fish catch over time?

Q15 Comparing seafood production to seafood consumption over time?

Q16 What can we learn about the sustainable levels of fishing as compared to farming

Q17 Would aquaculture alleviate the pressure of seafood consumption over time?

Q18 What can we observe about the seafood consumption in coastal countries and landlocked countries over time?

Q19 What can we observe about the level of seafood being discarded in the world across the years?

Q20 How much fresh water produce in each country over time ?

4 Expected findings

What has been the trend of seafood consumption of each country over the years ?

What has been the trend of captured vs farmed production of each country over the years ?

What is the contribution of each country in the global fishery sector ?

What has been the trend of sustainable levels of fish stocks in the world ?

5 Analysis and findings

5.1 What has been the trend of seafood consumption of each country over the years ?

We begin start with the evolution of the average seafood consumption in the world over the years.

5.1.1 Annual seafood consumption in the World over the years

Figure 5.1: Average seafood consumption in the world over time

Figure 5.1 shows the increasing trend in world seafood consumption from 1961 and peaked in 1989. However, the figure declined between 1990 and 1992, mainly due to economic difficulties in the low-income countries, such as Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and the Near East East. This led to an increased pressure on the price of many products (Dumas, 1992). After the crisis has recovered, seafood consumption has increased throughout the world. Overall, this is consistent with our expectation of the increasing popularity of seafood consumption.

We will now investigate the patterns for all countries by partitioning the data based on the different nations.

5.1.2 Countries with the highest average consumption and the lowest average consumption

Our analysis will be of the 10 countries with the highest average consumption and the 10 countries and the 10 countries with the lowest average consumption. As the original dataset provided contains other regions, such as Central Africa Republic and Central America, we’ve performed an inner join with the dataset called iso3166 from the maps package to extract only countries relevant dataset.

Table 5.1 shows the 10 countries with the highest average consumption from 1961 to 2017. Table 5.2 contains the list of 10 countries with the lowest average consumption. These results are consistent with our expectations, where the 10 countries with the highest average consumption are coastal countries. Seafood is frequently the primary source of food and employment in coastal countries.

Table 5.1: 10 countries with the highest consumption
Entity Average Consumption (kg) per person per capita rank
MALDIVES 120.85105 1
ICELAND 84.61667 2
KIRIBATI 68.23930 3
JAPAN 61.34737 4
HONG KONG 55.16842 5
PORTUGAL 53.56579 6
NORWAY 46.02509 7
MALAYSIA 44.68544 8
SOLOMON ISLANDS 44.43421 9
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 42.99000 10
Table 5.2: 10 countries with the lowest consumption
Entity Average Consumption (kg) per person per capita rank
AFGHANISTAN 0.0782456 1
ETHIOPIA 0.2260000 2
TAJIKISTAN 0.2892308 3
MONGOLIA 0.5438596 4
LESOTHO 0.6863158 5
UZBEKISTAN 0.7707692 6
NEPAL 0.9540351 7
SUDAN 1.0133333 8
GUATEMALA 1.1338596 9
RWANDA 1.2085965 10

5.1.3 Geographic Differences : Trend in seafood consumption for top 10 nations

In this section we explore the changes in seafood consumption over time in the 10 countries with the highest average seafood consumption. Recall that seafood consumption trend in the world where we observe a decrease in 1989, so we insert a vertical dashed line at year 1989 for comparison purposes.

Seafood consumption among the top 10 countries over time

Figure 5.2: Seafood consumption among the top 10 countries over time

Figure 5.3: Seafood consumption among the top 10 countries over time. This plot is the same as previous plot but it allows interative plot elements.

Figure 5.4: Individual plots of the seafood consumption over time among the top 10 countries

Figure 5.3 and figure 5.4 highlights an increasing trend from 1961 to 1989 for most countries except Portugal. Interestingly, Hong Kong and Malaysia display an increasing trend in 1989 whereas others show a decreasing trend , similar to figure 5.1. This is mainly associated with the improvements of economy in Asia in 1988 and price inflation remained moderate (Dumas, 1992).

Seafood consumption in Maldives is the highest and the trend fluctuates overtime. The trend is declining after 2010 due to overfishing, employment falling and higher fuel costs (Salinas, Van Doorn, & Redaelli, 2015). Solomon islands and Japan also show a declining trend, mainly due to the overfishing problem. Overall, these 10 countries display different results to our expectations. Although some countries demonstrate an increasing trend in seafood consumption, others show a decline in consumption.

5.2 What has been the trend of captured vs farmed production of each country over the years ?

Aquaculture also being known as fish and seafood farming acts as one of the primary source of protein as human population continues to expands to meet shortfalls in fish supplies. Aquaculture also plays an important role in employment opportunities.

5.2.1 Change in aquaculture and capture fishery production in the world

We’ll be exploring the trend of aquaculture in the world over years as compared to wild fish captured.

Figure 5.5 illustrates that global wild fish catch remained relatively constant from year 2000 onwards whereas aquaculture has grown rapidly since 1980s surpassing wild fish catch in 2013. It is consistent with our expectation that aquaculture has developed increasingly over time.

Captured fishery production VS Aquaculture in the world

Figure 5.5: Captured fishery production VS Aquaculture in the world

5.2.2 Countries which contribute the most to aquaculture over the years

In this section, we are going to explore the countries which contribute significantly to aquaculture over the years. As data might not be available pre-2000s for some of the countries, we decided to focus on data after year 2000. Similar to before, we’ll be performing an inner join with the dataset called iso3166 from the maps package to extract only countries relevant dataset as the original dataset contains other regions as well.

Table 5.3 shows the world 10 largest aquaculture producers from year 2000 onwards, among which China is the runaway leader followed by Peru, Indonesia and United States. China accounts for around 56% of aquaculture in the world in 2015 as shown in the table 5.4. The comprehensive aquaculture extension system and the opening up in 1978 contribute to the development of aquaculture in China (Wang, Ji, & Zhang, 2020). This is consistent with our expectation where high technology countries develop more in aquaculture. However, a significant share of production in 2015 also came from the other Asia regions such as Indonesia, where aquaculture is largely based on small-scale, non-commercial and family-based operations (Subasinghe, Soto, & Jia, 2009).

Table 5.3: Top 10 countries for Aquaculture Production
Entity Average wild fish caught (metric tons) Average aquaculture (metric tons) rank
CHINA 15,206,839 15,206,839 1
PERU 6,740,076 6,740,076 2
INDONESIA 5,491,442 5,491,442 3
UNITED STATES 5,246,058 5,246,058 4
INDIA 4,357,689 4,357,689 5
JAPAN 4,132,989 4,132,989 6
CHILE 3,499,792 3,499,792 7
NORWAY 2,584,042 2,584,042 8
VIETNAM 2,346,373 2,346,373 9
PHILIPPINES 2,203,608 2,203,608 10
Table 5.4: Top 10 countries for Aquaculture Production
Entity Year Percentage relative to world production
CHINA 2015 56.01
INDONESIA 2015 14.76
INDIA 2015 4.96
VIETNAM 2015 3.28
PHILIPPINES 2015 2.22
NORWAY 2015 1.30
JAPAN 2015 1.04
CHILE 2015 1.00
UNITED STATES 2015 0.40
PERU 2015 0.09

5.2.3 Trend of captured fishery production VS Aquaculture over time among the top 10 countries

Figure 5.6: Individual plots of the captured fishery production VS Aquaculture over time among the top 10 countries

In figure 5.6, most countries display an increasing trend in aquaculture production, especially in the Asia region, including China, India and Indonesia. This pattern is consistent with our initial expectation. Some countries are still relying more on the fisheries compared to aquaculture at the recent stage, including Japan and United States.

5.3 What is the contribution of each country in the global fishery sector ?

The data from “production.csv” had to be wrangled to make the best use of the data-set. The variables had to be renamed and total fish production had to be calculated to find the top producers of fish in the world.

Figure 5.7: Top fish producers of the world

From the Figure 5.7) we can see the top producers in the world. If we exclude the continental observations and group of countries according to their economic development we can see that China,Japan,Peru and United States have been the top producers of the world. These countries have very large coastal regions, and are able to exploit them to their advantage. Another benefit of having a large coastal region is that these countries have high consumption of fish and most of their cuisine is based around fish.

Similarly, the countries that are at the bottom of the fish production table are the arid regions of the world. These countries include Lesotho, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Jordan. They have very few sources of water and mostly consume meat to supplement their diet.

These findings are within expectations of initial analysis. Countries having a very large coastal line are more dependent on fish for their diet and can even sell them in the international market while the land locked and dry regions have a very minuscule share of fish production in the world.

Figure 5.8: Fish Production in the World

From figure 5.8), we can observe the trend of fish production in the world according to the types of fishes that are being consumed around the world. “Freshwater fishes” and “pelagic fishes” make up the majority of fish production in the world while “marine fish” and “cephalopods” are at the bottom of fish production trend.

It is clear that the fish production has always shown a upward trend and the majority of fish that is being consumed around the world is from freshwater sources or from pelagic zones of the oceans.

This trend does not deviate from expectation, as the population growth will always demand more seafood for consumption. It is a little unexpected that the majority of the food production is based around freshwater fishes while marine fish are at the bottom of the table.

5.4 What has been the trend of sustainable levels of fish stocks in the world ?

Table 5.5: Fish Stocks in the World
Entity Year Sustainable_levels_Fish Overexploited_Fish
World 1974 90.00000 10.000000
World 1978 91.46341 8.536585
World 1979 86.98225 13.017751
World 1981 86.41975 13.580247
World 1983 83.33333 16.666667
World 1985 81.81818 18.181818
World 1987 75.67568 24.324324
World 1989 73.36957 26.630435
World 1990 81.86813 18.131868
World 1992 76.77725 23.222749

The data from “stock.csv” had to be wrangled to remove irrelevant observations and the names of the variables had to be changed to make the data-set more presentable and easy to use.

Figure 5.9: Fish stock of the world

From the Figure 5.9), we can observe the trend of fish exploitation and sustainable levels in the world. It is evident from the trend of from the plot that the sustainable level of fish has been going downwards for a very long time due to over exploitation of fish stocks.

Since these two variables complement each other , we can observe that when one increases the other decreases and vice versa.

6 References

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##  tidyverse     * 1.3.2   2022-07-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  transformr    * 0.1.3   2020-07-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  tweenr          1.0.2   2021-03-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  tzdb            0.3.0   2022-03-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  units           0.8-0   2022-02-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  usethis         2.1.6   2022-05-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  utf8            1.2.2   2021-07-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  vctrs           0.4.1   2022-04-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  viridis       * 0.6.2   2021-10-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  viridisLite   * 0.4.0   2021-04-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  visdat        * 0.5.3   2019-02-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  vroom           1.5.7   2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  webshot         0.5.3   2022-04-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  withr           2.5.0   2022-03-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  xfun            0.30    2022-03-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  xml2            1.3.3   2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
##  yaml            2.3.5   2022-02-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
## 
##  [1] /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library
## 
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